Burden in caregivers of children with congenital Zika syndrome in Pernambuco, Brazil: analysis and application of the Zarit burden interview scale.

With the increase in cases of microcephaly caused by the Zika virus, the demand for special care and a better quality of life for the child and caregiver increased proportionally. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the burden on caregivers of children with congenital Zika syndrome associated with viral infections in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil using the Zarit Burden interview scale. Method: A quantitative study was conducted at the Oswaldo Cruz University Hospital, Recife City, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. By convenience sampling, 56 mothers, two grandmothers, and two caregivers were enrolled, all are female. Data were collected from July 2019 to January 2020. In the analysis, the percentage frequencies were calculated. The normality was identified using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and participant profiles were compared using Student's t-test and analysis of variance. In descriptive statistics, quantitative variables are described by the median and interquartile range and categorical variables by proportions using the Chi-square test. Results: In the comparative analysis, all factors evaluated were significant, except for the "gestational period in which the disease occurred" (p < 0.111). The significance of differences in all activities was evaluated. In the mean comparison test, only the factor "has a job" was significant (p < 0.043). When comparing the average of caregivers' responses to the categories of the Zarit burden interview scale, the highest level of burden was regarding the feeling that the child is dependent on the caregiver (3.62 points). Caregiver burden was classified as absence, light, moderate, and high. Conclusion: The consequences of contracting the Zika virus in the first trimester of pregnancy, lack of paid work, financial scarcity, full-time dedication to the child, and lack of time for themselves increase the burden on caregivers. Thus, caregivers have mild burden.

Early neonatal mortality trend in adolescent pregnant women in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, from 1996 to 2017.

BACKGROUND: The Infant mortality rate indicates the quality of life of a population. Infant mortality has two important components: neonatal mortality, divided into early and late and post-neonatal mortality. The more developed a country is and the greater its population's well-being, the greater the weight of the neonatal component on infant mortality. In addition several factors may determine or be associated with the occurrence of infant deaths including maternal age. The teenage pregnancy rates in Latin America and the Caribbean remain the second highest in the world, In Brazil, between 2010 and 2015, for every thousand adolescents between 15 and 19 years old, about 69 became pregnant and gave birth to their babies. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the trend of Early Neonatal Mortality Rates in children of pregnant adolescents, which occurred in the period 1996-2017, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, according to the maternal age group. METHODS: This is an ecological study of time series using official mortality data obtained from the Mortality Information System and live birth data obtained from the Live Birth Information System. Deaths of newborns aged between zero and six complete days were collected by place of residence. The trends in rates per 1,000 live births were calculated by Prais-Winsten regression, obtaining their annual percentage change (VPA) and the respective 95% confidence intervals, analyzed by age group. All analyzes were processed using the STATA 15.1 software. RESULTS: In the state of São Paulo, between 1996 and 2017, 16,161 deaths were reported in children from zero to six days old and 2,320,584 live births in mothers aged 10-19 years, living in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Of this total, it was observed that the early neonatal mortality rate decreased until the year 2005-2006, remained stationary after, and was higher in newborns of mothers aged 10-14 years (13.18 per 1,000) compared to mothers between 15-19 years (6.75 per 1,000). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, although the early neonatal mortality rate showed a significant decreasing trend until approximately 2005, it remained stables after that.

Knowledge and acceptability of HPV vaccine among HPV-vaccinated and unvaccinated adolescents at Western Amazon.

PURPOSE: To analyze the level of knowledge about and the acceptability of the HPV vaccine among vaccinated and unvaccinated adolescents in the Western Amazon. METHODS: A cross-sectional study on adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. The instrument used to collect data contains demographic and socioeconomic information and 27 questions that assess the knowledge and acceptability of the HPV vaccine. To compare the prevalence of vaccinated adolescents with the correct answers to questions about HPV and acceptability and vaccination, the robust variance Poisson regression model was used in the Stata 13.0 software. FINDINGS: A total of 190 adolescents participated in the study, 60.5% in the age group of vaccination recommended by the Brazilian government, among them, 53.9% reported not having been vaccinated (p <0.001). A total of 150 (78.9%) adolescents correctly recognized HPV as a virus; 121 (63.7%) recognized HPV as a cause of cervical cancer. Participants who know HPV is a causative factor for cervical cancer are 1.94 times more likely to have been vaccinated than those who do not. Among the interviewees, the main sources of knowledge about the vaccine were schools (51.6%) and health professionals (22.6%). CONCLUSION: Unvaccinated adolescents have knowledge gaps about HPV and its vaccine when compared to those vaccinated. Our results emphasize the need for effective campaigns to deliver adequate information about HPV and its vaccine to adolescents, their parents, and health professionals.

Knowledge and acceptability of HPV vaccine among HPV-vaccinated and unvaccinated adolescents at Western Amazon

SUMMARY PURPOSE To analyze the level of knowledge about and the acceptability of the HPV vaccine among vaccinated and unvaccinated adolescents in the Western Amazon. METHODS A cross-sectional study on adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. The instrument used to collect data contains demographic and socioeconomic information and 27 questions that assess the knowledge and acceptability of the HPV vaccine. To compare the prevalence of vaccinated adolescents with the correct answers to questions about HPV and acceptability and vaccination, the robust variance Poisson regression model was used in the Stata 13.0 software. FINDINGS A total of 190 adolescents participated in the study, 60.5% in the age group of vaccination recommended by the Brazilian government, among them, 53.9% reported not having been vaccinated (p <0.001). A total of 150 (78.9%) adolescents correctly recognized HPV as a virus; 121 (63.7%) recognized HPV as a cause of cervical cancer. Participants who know HPV is a causative factor for cervical cancer are 1.94 times more likely to have been vaccinated than those who do not. Among the interviewees, the main sources of knowledge about the vaccine were schools (51.6%) and health professionals (22.6%). CONCLUSION Unvaccinated adolescents have knowledge gaps about HPV and its vaccine when compared to those vaccinated. Our results emphasize the need for effective campaigns to deliver adequate information about HPV and its vaccine to adolescents, their parents, and health professionals.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar o nível de conhecimento e aceitabilidade da vacina contra o HPV entre adolescentes vacinados e não vacinados na Amazônia Ocidental. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal com adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos. O instrumento usado para coletar dados contém informações demográficas e socioeconômicas e 27 perguntas que avaliam o conhecimento e a aceitabilidade da vacina contra o HPV. Para comparar a prevalência de adolescentes vacinados com as respostas corretas para perguntas sobre conhecimento, aceitabilidade e vacinação contra o HPV, o modelo de regressão de Poisson de variância robusta foi utilizado no software Stata 13.0. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 190 adolescentes, 60,5% (n=115) na faixa etária de vacinação recomendada pelo governo brasileiro; dentre eles, 53,9% (n=62) relataram não ter sido vacinados (p<0,001). A proporção de resultados corretos entre os adolescentes foi de 78,9% (n=150), que reconheceram o HPV como vírus; 63,7% (n=121) relataram o HPV como causa de câncer do colo do útero. Os participantes que sabem que o HPV é um fator causal no câncer do colo do útero têm 1,94 (IC 1,18-3,18; p=0,009) vez mais chances de terem sido vacinados do que aqueles que não sabem. Entre os entrevistados, as principais fontes de conhecimento sobre a vacina foram escolas (51,6%) e profissionais de saúde (22,6%). CONCLUSÃO Adolescentes não vacinados apresentam lacunas de conhecimento sobre o HPV e sua vacina quando comparados aos vacinados. Nossos resultados enfatizam a necessidade de campanhas eficazes para fornecer informações adequadas sobre o HPV e sua vacina a adolescentes, pais e profissionais de saúde.

Kisspeptin Levels in Girls with Precocious Puberty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Kisspeptin (KP) is a key player in the regulation of the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which increases the secretion of gonadotropin during puberty to establish reproductive function and regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Premature activation of GnRH secretion leads to idiopathic/central gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty (CPP). We aimed to compare the blood KP concentrations in girls with CPP and healthy controls. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, and SciELO. Random-effects model and standardized mean difference (SMD) were used. Heterogeneity was assessed through I2. Meta-regression considered patient age, KP fraction, and analytical method for KP measurement. RESULTS: The 11 studies included comprised 316 CPP patients and 251 controls. Higher KP levels in the CPP group were found (SMD 1.53; CI 95% = 0.56-2.51). Subgroup analysis revealed association with patient age (p = 0.048), indicating a positive correlation between elevation in KP concentration and age in CPP group. A group of patients with precocious thelarche (PT) from 5 of the included studies comprising 121 patients showed higher levels of KP (1.10; -0.25-2.45: CI 95%) and high heterogeneity (I2 = 91%). The CPP/PT ratio for KP level indicates KP 36% higher on CPP than PT patients. CONCLUSIONS: A consistent difference in KP levels between girls with CPP and controls was identified. While there are important limitations in KP assays which argue against its use as a diagnostic tool, the KP levels in CPP versus control and PT children are consistent with the predicted mechanisms and pathophysiology of CPP.

Ophidian envenomings in a region of Brazilian Western Amazon / Envenenamentos ofídicos em uma região da Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira

INTRODUCTION: Snakebites are a public health problem and are considered clinical emergencies, what makes studies in high-incidence regions very importantOBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients suffering from snakebite accidents in a region of the Western Amazon, BrazilMETHODS: It is a cross-sectional, retrospective and documentary quantitative approach, from 2015 to 2016, held at the Regional Hospital of Juruá, located in the city of Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil. Epidemiological data were obtained from the forms of the Notification Disease Information System (SINAN), in the Epidemiological Surveillance Sector of the hospital. The following variables were verified: month of occurrence, snake identification (type of accident), accident location (urban and rural), locality, municipality, victim data (age group, sex, anatomical region affected), symptoms and signs circumstances of the accident, time elapsed between accident and care, number of ampoules used, and type of serumRESULTS: An average of 124 cases of snakebites were treated per year (76.71 cases per 100,000 inhabitants/year), most of them were botropic accidents and the patients were male adult and rural workers, bitten in the lower limbs. More than 30% of cases were treated six hours after poisoning and 24-hour care is a risk factor for complications, as seven of the eight patients who had complications were treated within one day of the accidentCONCLUSION: It was presented a constant increase in the cases, which generated a worrying point of reflection, which may be associated with two factors, where one turns to the improvement in the displacement of victims (improvements in branch roads and implementation of SAMU speedboat) facilitating plus transport and telephone coverage by improving communication, or the failure of public health policies to provide better conditions and guidance to the population

INTRODUÇÃO: Os acidentes ofídicos são um problema de saúde pública e são considerados emergências clínicas, motivo este que torna os estudos em regiões de grande incidência muito importantesOBJETIVO: Descrever os aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos de pacientes vítimas de acidentes ofídicos em uma região da Amazônia Ocidental, BrasilMÉTODO: Trata-se de um transversal, retrospectivo e documental de abordagem quantitativa, no período de 2015 a 2016, realizado no Hospital Regional do Juruá, localizado na cidade de Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brasil. Os dados epidemiológicos foram obtidos a partir das fichas do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), no Setor de Vigilância Epidemiológica do hospital. Foram verificadas as seguintes variáveis: mês de ocorrência, identificação da serpente (tipo de acidente), local do acidente (zona urbana e rural), localidade, município, dados da vítima (faixa etária, sexo, região anatômica atingida), sintomas e sinais apresentados, circunstâncias do acidente, tempo decorrido entre o acidente e o atendimento, a quantidade de ampolas utilizadas e o tipo de soro no tratamento das vítimasRESULTADOS: Foram atendidos em média 124 casos de acidentes ofídicos por ano (76,71 casos por 100.000 habitantes/ano), sendo a maioria acidentes botrópicos e os pacientes constituídos por indivíduos adultos do sexo masculino e trabalhadores rurais, picados nos membros inferiores. Mais de 30% dos casos foram atendidos seis horas após o envenenamento e o atendimento após 24 horas é um fator de risco para complicações, uma vez que sete dos oito pacientes que apresentaram complicações foram atendidos depois de um dia do acidenteCONCLUSÃO: Apresentou um crescente constante nos casos, o que gerou um ponto de reflexão preocupante, que pode estar associado a dois fatores, onde um volta-se para a melhora no deslocamento das vítimas (melhorias nas estradas dos ramais e implantação de lancha do SAMU) facilitando mais o transporte e na cobertura de telefonia melhorando a comunicação, ou a falha das políticas de saúde pública na oferta de melhores condições e orientações para a população

Accident and vascular injury with stingray in the Alto Juruá, Acre, Brazil: a case report / Acidente e lesão vascular com arraia no Alto Juruá, Acre, Brasil: um relato de caso

INTRODUCTION: Injuries caused by fish are common and considered a neglected health problem with high morbidity and low lethality. Noteworthy are the envenomings by freshwater stingrays, which are considered very serious and one of the most important injuries caused by aquatic animals in South America. CASE PRESENTATION: To describe an accident and vascular injury with venomous stingray animals in the Alto do Juruá, Acre, Brazil. Male patient admitted due to stingray in the left lower extremity 20 days ago. CONCLUSION: The freshwater stingray, due to its sharp characteristics, injured the great saphenous vein, requiring surgical intervention. The situation presented negative evolution due to the lack of necessary procedures in the first attendance, such as the proper cleaning of the wound and the removal of the sting.

INTRODUÇÃO: Acidentes com peixes, denominados de ictismo, são comuns e são considerados um problema de saúde negligenciado, de alta morbidade e baixa letalidade. Destacam-se os envenenamentos por arraias de água doce, pois são considerados muito graves e uma das mais importantes lesões causadas por animais aquáticos na América do Sul. APRESENTAÇÃO DO CASO: Descrever um acidente e lesão vascular com animais peçonhentos do tipo arraia no alto do Juruá, Acre, Brasil. Paciente do sexo masculino, admitido devido a ferroada de arraia no membro inferior esquerda há 20 dias. CONCLUSÃO: O ferrão da arraia de água doce por possuir características pontiagudas lesionou a veia safena magna, necessitando de uma intervenção cirúrgica. O quadro apresentou evolução negativa devido a não realização de procedimentos necessários no primeiro atendimento, como a limpeza adequada do ferimento e a retirada do ferrão.

Prevalence and factors associated with obesity in children under five years old in Rio Branco - Acre / Prevalência e fatores associados à obesidade em crianças menores que cinco anos no município de Rio Branco - Acre

INTRODUCTION: The nutritional status of children is considered an important instrument in measuring the health conditions and quality of life of a population. The increasing prevalence of obesity in children is a significant public health problem as it is an important risk factor for obesity in adulthood OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevaslence and factors associated with childhood obesity in the city of Rio Branco - Acre METHOD: A database analysis was carried out from the Risk Factors and Morbidity Survey for Noncommunicable Diseases in the Municipality of Rio Branco / Health and Nutrition for Adults and Children in 2008.This cross-sectional study examined 687 children aged 0 to 60 months in urban and rural areas. Statistical analysis considered expansion and sample design. The prevalence of childhood obesity according to the anthropometric indices P / I (weight for age), P / E (weight for height) and BMI / I (Body Mass Index) were respectively 6.85% (95% CI = 5.30). - 8.80), 6.66% (95% CI = 3.22 - 13.27) and 6.61% (95% CI = 3.25 - 12.98 RESULTS: The final model showed a higher prevalence of obesity in the BMI / I index under the following conditions: home in the urban area (PR = 6.81; 95% CI = 1.27 - 36.38), electric lighting without meter (PR = 2.10; 95% CI = 1.22 - 3.59), mother's height greater than 163cm (PR = 2.24; 95% CI = 1.12 - 4.47) and maternal obesity (RP = 2.37 95% CI = 1.19 - 4.72 CONCLUSION: The prevalence of obesity in the BMI / I index was high and is related to socioeconomic factors and specific maternal characteristics. It is necessary to promote actions that lead to the formation of a healthy lifestyle even in childhood

INTRODUÇÃO: O estado nutricional de crianças é considerado um instrumento importante na aferição das condições de saúde e qualidade de vida de uma população. A prevalência crescente da obesidade em crianças é um problema de saúde pública significante, pois é um fator de risco importante para a obesidade na vida adulta OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados à obesidade infantil no município de Rio Branco - Acre MÉTODO: Realizou-se análise de banco de dados provenientes do Inquérito de Fatores de Risco e Morbidade por Doenças Não-Transmissíveis no Município de Rio Branco / Saúde e Nutrição de Adultos e Crianças em 2008. Trata-se de um estudo transversal onde foram examinadas 687 crianças na faixa de 0 a 60 meses nas zonas urbana e rural. A análise estatística considerou a expansão e o desenho da amostra. A prevalência da obesidade infantil segundo os índices antropométricos P/I (peso-para-idade), P/E (peso-para-estatura), e IMC/I (Índice de Massa Corporal-para-idade) foram respectivamente de 6,85% (IC95% = 5,30 - 8,80), 6,66% (IC95% = 3,22 - 13,27) e 6,61% (IC95% = 3,25 - 12,98 RESULTADOS: O modelo final apresentou maior prevalência de obesidade para o índice IMC/I nas seguintes condições: local de domicílio na zona urbana (RP=6,81; IC95% = 1,27 - 36,38), iluminação elétrica sem medidor (RP=2,10; IC95% = 1,22 - 3,59), altura da mãe maior que 163cm (RP=2,24; IC95% = 1,12 - 4,47) e obesidade materna (RP=2,37; IC95% = 1,19 - 4,72 CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência da obesidade do índice IMC/I foi elevada e está relacionada à fatores socioeconômicos e características maternas específicas. É necessária a promoção de ações que levem a formação de um estilo de vida saudável ainda na infância

Irlen syndrome: systematic review and level of evidence analysis.

BACKGROUND: Scotopic sensitivity syndrome, later called Meares-Irlen syndrome or simply Irlen syndrome (IS) has been described as symptoms of poor reading ability due to poor color matching and distorted graphic images. Individuals with this syndrome are considered slow, ineffective readers with low comprehension and visual fatigue. It is still uncertain whether the disease pathophysiology is an independent entity or part of the dyslexia spectrum. Nevertheless, treatments with lenses and colored filters have been proposed to alleviate the effect of the luminous contrast and improve patients' reading performance. However, no evidence of treatment effectiveness has been achieved. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to obtain evidence about IS etiology, diagnosis and intervention efficacy. METHODS: A systematic review was performed covering the available studies on IS, assessing the available data according to their level of evidence, focusing on diagnostic tools, proposed interventions and related outcomes. RESULTS: The data showed high heterogeneity among studies, and lack of evidence on the existence of IS and treatment effectiveness. CONCLUSION: The syndrome as described, as well as its treatments, require further strong evidence.

Irlen syndrome: systematic review and level of evidence analysis / Síndrome de Irlen: revisão sistemática e análise do nível de evidência

ABSTRACT Background: Scotopic sensitivity syndrome, later called Meares-Irlen syndrome or simply Irlen syndrome (IS) has been described as symptoms of poor reading ability due to poor color matching and distorted graphic images. Individuals with this syndrome are considered slow, ineffective readers with low comprehension and visual fatigue. It is still uncertain whether the disease pathophysiology is an independent entity or part of the dyslexia spectrum. Nevertheless, treatments with lenses and colored filters have been proposed to alleviate the effect of the luminous contrast and improve patients' reading performance. However, no evidence of treatment effectiveness has been achieved. Objective: The aim of the present study was to obtain evidence about IS etiology, diagnosis and intervention efficacy. Methods: A systematic review was performed covering the available studies on IS, assessing the available data according to their level of evidence, focusing on diagnostic tools, proposed interventions and related outcomes. Results: The data showed high heterogeneity among studies, and lack of evidence on the existence of IS and treatment effectiveness. Conclusion: The syndrome as described, as well as its treatments, require further strong evidence.

RESUMO Background: A síndrome da sensibilidade escotópica, posteriormente denominada síndrome de Meares-Irlen ou simplesmente síndrome de Irlen (SI), foi descrita como indivíduos com sintomas de baixa capacidade de leitura devido à combinação de cores e distorções nas imagens. Indivíduos com essa síndrome podem apresentar leitura lenta e ineficaz, com baixo nível de compreensão e fadiga visual. A fisiopatologia da doença ainda é incerta como uma entidade independente ou como parte do espectro da dislexia. No entanto, tratamentos com lentes e filtros coloridos foram propostos com o objetivo de aliviar o efeito do contraste luminoso e melhorar o desempenho de leitura dos pacientes. Outrossim, nenhuma evidência de eficácia do tratamento foi alcançada. Objetivos: Obter evidências sobre a etiologia, eficácia diagnóstica e intervenção da SI. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática, cobrindo os estudos disponíveis sobre a SI, avaliando os dados disponíveis de acordo com seu nível de evidência, com foco em ferramentas de diagnóstico, intervenções propostas e desfechos relacionados. Resultados: Os dados mostram alta heterogeneidade, falta de evidência sobre a existência da SI e eficácia do tratamento. Conclusões: A síndrome descrita e seus tratamentos exigem evidências mais robustas.

Higuchi fractal dimension applied to RR intervals in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

BACKGROUND: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is categorized by a lowered attention span, recklessness, and hyperactivity. Autonomic nervous system inequality has previously been studied using the same data by chaotic global techniques. We aim to compare the autonomic function of children with ADHD and controls by analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) METHODS: 28 children with ADHD (22 boys, mean age 10.0 years ± 1.9 years) and 28 controls (15 boys, mean age 9.9 years ± 1.8 years) rested in supine position with spontaneous breathing for 20 minutes. Heart rate was recorded beat by beat. HRV analysis was performed by Higuchi Fractal Dimension technique. RESULTS: ADHD promoted an increase in the Higuchi Fractal Dimension. The optimum value of Kmax was 10. CONCLUSION: ADHD significantly altered cardiac autonomic modulation as measured by the Higuchi fractal dimension of HRV. It can therefore be stated that ADHD has increased the complexity of the HRV signal through cardiac autonomic modulation.

INTRODUÇÃO: O transtorno de deficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) é caracterizado por um período reduzido de atenção, impulsividade e hiperatividade. O desequilíbrio na função do sistema nervoso autônomo (SNA) tem sido previamente estudado utilizando-se técnicas globais da teoria do caos. OBJETIVO: comparar a função autonômica de crianças com TDAH e controles por meio da análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) MÉTODO: 28 crianças com TDAH (22 meninos, com média de idade de 10,0 anos ± 1,9 anos) e 28 controles (15 meninos, com média de idade de 9,9 anos ± 1,8 anos) permaneceram em decúbito dorsal, com respiração espontânea por 20 minutos. A frequência cardíaca foi registrada batimento a batimento e a análise da VFC foi realizada pela técnica de Dimensão Fractal Higuchi. RESULTADOS: TDAH promoveu um aumento na Dimensão Fractal Higuchi. O valor ideal de Kmax foi 10. CONCLUSÃO: O TDAH alterou significantemente a modulação autonômica cardíaca, como demonstrado pela Dimensão Fractal Higuchi da VFC. Assim, pode-se afirmar que crianças com TDAH apresentaram aumento das respostas caóticas neste tipo de análise da modulação autonômica cardíaca.

Laboratory parameters of cerebrospinal fluid in individuals with enterovirus meningitis / Parâmetros laboratoriais do líquido cefalorraquidiano em indivíduos com meningite por enterovírus

INTRODUCTION: Meningitis is the leading infectious syndrome that affects the central nervous system, and most cases are caused by viral infections, mainly enterovirus. The clinical diagnosis for meningitis etiology still presents major challenges. The analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), white blood cells, red blood cells, glucose, protein, and lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides the first clues to the diagnosis. However, the reference values of some parameters can suffer changes OBJECTIVE: Analyze the laboratory parameters of CSF in patients with enterovirus meningitis, and then, theirrelationship by age group METHODS: A descriptive study was conducted based on data from a CSF reference service, located in São Paulo, Brazil, on 202 individuals who had enterovirus meningitis. Data was analysed by the Shapiro-Wilk and Kruskal-Wallis tests (CI = 95%, p < 0.05) and represented by the median and percentile 25 and 75, respectively RESULTS: The cytological and biochemical parameters of the CSF shows us that proteins had median concentrations of 33.0mg/ dL, glucose of 57.0mg/dl, lactate of 19.0mg/dL and the leukocyte of 119.0 cells/mm³, with a predominance of lymphocytes (42%). It was found that age can cause cytological and biochemical changes in the parameters of CSF. Children younger than 2 years had a range percentage of neutrophils and monocytes different then children aged ≤ 2 and < 6 years, and aged ≤ 6 and < 10 years. The protein concentration range in CSF as well as glucose track can also change according to age CONCLUSION: The parameters of the CSF in patients with enteroviral meningitis showed similar median concentrations to those found in the literature. Age may lead to changes in cytological and biochemical parameters of CSF. CSF protein and glucose concentrations also change according to age.(AU)

INTRODUÇÃO: A meningite é a principal síndrome infecciosa que afeta o Sistema Nervoso Central, e grande parte dos casos são ocasionados por infecções virais, principalmente por enterovirus. O diagnóstico clínico para a verificação da etiologia da meningite ainda apresenta grandes desafios. As análises de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), leucócitos, hemácias, glicose, proteína e lactato no líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) fornecem os primeiros indícios para o diagnóstico. No entanto, os valores de referência de alguns parâmetros podem sofrer alterações OBJETIVO: Verificar parâmetros laboratoriais do líquido cefalorraquidiano em indivíduos com meningite por enterovirus e, posteriormente, analisar suas relações por faixa etária MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, com base nos dados do serviço de referência de coleta de líquido cefalorraquiano, localizado em São Paulo, Brasil. Totalizaram 202 indivíduos que apresentaram meningite por enterovirus. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk e Kruskal-Wallis (IC = 95%, p < 0,05) e representados pela mediana e percentil 25 e 75 RESULTADOS: Os parâmetros bioquímicos e citológicos do LCR apresentaram concentrações medianas de proteínas de 33.0 mg/dL, de glicose de 57.0 mg/dL e lactato de 19.0 mg/dL e dos leucócitos de 119.0 células/mm3, com predominância de linfócitos (42%). Verificou-se que a diferença etária pode levar as alterações nos parâmetros citológicos e bioquímicos do LCR. As crianças menores que dois anos apresentaram intervalo de percentual de neutrófilos e monócitos diferentes das crianças com faixa etária de = 2 e < 6 anos e de = 6 e < 10 anos. A faixa de concentração de proteína no LCR, assim como a faixa da glicose também podem sofrer alterações segundo a idade CONCLUSÃO: Os parâmetros bioquimiocitológicos do liquido cefalorraquidiano em indivíduos com meningite por enterovirus apresentaram concentrações medianas similares às encontradas na literatura. A diferença ...(AU)

Parâmetros laboratoriais do líquido cefalorraquidiano em indivíduos com meningite por enterovírus / Laboratory parameters of cerebrospinal fluid in individuals with enterovirus meningitis

A meningite é a principal síndrome infecciosa que afeta o sistema nervoso central, e grande parte dos casos são ocasionados por infecções virais, principalmente por Enterovirus. O diagnóstico clínico para a verificação da etiologia da meningite ainda apresenta grandes desafios. O teste de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase, leucócitos, hemácias, glicose, proteína e lactato no líquido cefalorraquidiano fornecem os primeiros indícios para o diagnóstico. No entanto, os valores de referência de alguns parâmetros podem sofrer alteraçõesOBJETIVO: Verificar parâmetros laboratoriais do líquido cefalorraquidiano em indivíduos com meningite por Enterovirus e, posteriormente, analisar suas relações por faixa etáriaMÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, com base nos dados do serviço de referência de coleta de líquido cefalorraquiano, localizado em São Paulo, Brasil. Totalizou-se em 202 indivíduos que apresentaram meningite por Enterovirus. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk e Kruskal-Wallis (IC = 95%, p < 0,05) e representados pela mediana e percentil 25 e 75...

Meningitis is the leading infectious syndrome that affects the central nervous system, and most cases are caused by viral infections, mainly enterovirus. The clinical diagnosis for meningitis etiology still presents major challenges. The analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), white blood cells, red blood cells, glucose, protein, and lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides the first clues to the diagnosis. However, the reference values of some parameters can suffer changesOBJECTIVE: Analyze the laboratory parameters of CSF in patients with enterovirus meningitis, and then, theirrelationship by age groupMETHODS: A descriptive study was conducted based on data from a CSF reference service, located in São Paulo, Brazil, on 202 individuals who had enterovirus meningitis. Data was analysed by the Shapiro-Wilk and Kruskal-Wallis tests (CI = 95%, p < 0.05) and represented by the median and percentile 25 and 75, respectively...

Analysis of cardiac autonomic modulation of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

BACKGROUND: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by decreased attention span, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. Autonomic nervous system imbalance was previously described in this population. We aim to compare the autonomic function of children with ADHD and controls by analyzing heart rate variability (HRV). METHODS: Children rested in supine position with spontaneous breathing for 20 minutes. Heart rate was recorded beat by beat. HRV analysis was performed in the time and frequency domains and Poincaré plot. RESULTS: Twenty-eight children with ADHD (22 boys, aged 9.964 years) and 28 controls (15 boys, age 9.857 years) participated in this study. It was determined that the mean and standard deviation of indexes which indicate parasympathetic activity is higher in children with ADHD than in children without the disorder: high frequency in normalized units, 46.182 (14.159) versus 40.632 (12.247); root mean square of successive differences, 41.821 (17.834) versus 38.150 (18.357); differences between adjacent normal-to-normal intervals greater than 50 milliseconds, 199.75 (144.00) versus 127.46 (102.21) (P<0.05); percentage of differences between adjacent normal-to-normal intervals greater than 50 milliseconds, 23.957 (17.316) versus 16.211 (13.215); standard deviation of instantaneous beat-to-beat interval, 29.586 (12.622) versus 26.989 (12.983). CONCLUSION: Comparison of the autonomic function by analyzing HRV suggests an increase in the activity of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous systems in children with ADHD in relation to the control group.

Stabilometric parameters analysis in children with visual disorder.

BACKGROUND: Although postural changes were already reported in blind adults, no previous study has investigated postural stability in blind children. Moreover, there are few studies which used a stabilometric instrument to measure postural balance. In this study we evaluated stabilometric paramaters in blind children. METHODS: We evaluated children between 7 to 12 years old, they were divided into two groups: Blind (n = 11) and age-matched control (n = 11) groups by using computerized stabilometry. The stabilometric examination was performed taking the gravity centers displacement of the individual projected into the platform. Thirthy seconds after the period in which this information was collected, the program defined a medium-pressure center, which was used to define x and y axes displacement and the distance between the pressure center and the platform center. Furthermore, the average sway rate and the body sway area were obtained by dividing the pressure center displacement and the time spent on the task; and by an ellipse function (95% percentille), respectively. Percentages of anterior, posterior, left and right feet weight also were calculated. Variables were compared by using the Student's t test for unpaired data. Significance level was considered for p <0.05. RESULTS: Displacement of the x axis (25.55 ± 9.851 vs. -3.545 ± 7.667; p <0.05) and average sway rate (19.18 ± 2.7 vs. -10.55 ± 1.003; p <0.001) were increased in the blind children group. Percentage of left foot weight was reduced (45.82 ± 2.017 vs. 52.36 ± 1.33; p <0.05) while percentage of right foot weight was increased (54.18 ± 2.17 vs. 47.64 ± 1.33; p <0.05) in blind children. Other variables did not show differences. CONCLUSIONS: Blind children present impaired stabilometric parameters.

Prevalência e fatores associados à depressão em estudantes de medicina / Prevalence and factors associated with depression in medical students

INTRODUÇÃO: a depressão, além de causar grande sofrimento psíquico, pode levar a prejuízos no desempenho acadêmico e nos relacionamentos sociais. OBJETIVO: estimar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos e sua associação com aspectos sociodemográficos e psicossociais em estudantes de medicina de uma região do Sertão Nordestino, Brasil. MÉTODO: apopulação foi constituída por 1024 estudantes do primeiro ao décimo segundo períodos do curso de medicina de duas escolas médicas do Cariri, Sertão Nordestino, Ceará, Brasil. Utilizou-se o questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck versão II. RESULTADOS: a prevalência encontrada nessa população para o diagnóstico de depressão foi de 28,8%. 652 (63,7%) cumpriram com todos os protocolos para permanência na pesquisa. Apresentaram impacto negativo na saúde mental dos estudantes no modelo ajustado de regressão logística: sexo feminino OddsRatio ajustado (ORa) (IC95%): 1,83(1,19-2,82), saúde física razoável ORa (IC95%): 3,15(2,09-4,73), incerteza quanto ao futuro profissional ORa (IC95%): 2,97(1,65-5,34), desejo de mudar de curso ORa (IC95%):2,51(1,63-3,86), relacionamento social bom porém sem participação de atividades sociais ORa (IC95%): 1,96(1,27-3,04),dificuldades de relacionamento ORa (IC95%): 11,40(4,32-30,14) e raras atividades de lazer ORa (IC95%): 2,45(1,49-4,04) ou esporádicas atividades de lazer ORa (IC95%): 3,04(1,70-5,42. CONCLUSÃO: observou-se alta prevalência de depressão nos estudantes de medicina nesta região. Sexo feminino, saúde física razoável, incerteza quanto ao futuro profissional, desejo de mudar de curso, não participação de atividades sociais e/ou dificuldades de relacionamentos, esporádica ou rara atividade de lazer foram associados a maior chance de desenvolver sintomas depressivos.(AU)

INTRODUCTION: depression, besides causing great psychological distress, may lead to poor academic performance and social relationships. OBJECTIVE: to examine the prevalence of depressive symptoms in medical students from a northeastern region of Brazil. METHODS: the population comprised 1024 students from first to twelfth semesters of two medical schools in Cariri, Ceará, Brazil. We used the questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics and the Beck Depression Inventory II version. RESULTS: the prevalence in this population for the diagnosis of depression was 28.8%.652 (63.7%) complied with all protocols to stay in research. After logistic regression, had a negative impact on studentsmental health: female Odds Ratio adjusted (ORa) (95% CI): 1.83 (1.19 to 2.82), reasonable physical health ORa (95% CI): 3.15 (2 0.09 to 4, 73), uncertainty about professional future ORa (95% CI): 2.97 (1.65 to 5.34), desire to change course ORa (95% CI): 2.51 (1.63 to 3.86), good social relationship but without participation in social activities ORa (95% CI): 1.96 (1.27 to 3.04), relationship difficulties ORa (95% CI): 11.40 (4.32 to 30.14) and rare leisure activities (95% CI): 2.45 (1.49 to 4.04) or eventual leisure activities ORa (95% CI): 3.04 (1.70 to 5.42). CONCLUSION: there was a high prevalence of depression among medical students in this region. Female, reasonable physical health, uncertainty over future career, desire to change course, do not participate in social activities and / or difficulties in relationships, sporadic or rare leisure activity were associated with increased risk of developing depressive symptoms.(AU)

Prevalência e fatores associados à depressão em estudantes de medicina / Prevalence and factors associated with depression in medical students

INTRODUÇÃO: a depressão, além de causar grande sofrimento psíquico, pode levar a prejuízos no desempenho acadêmico e nos relacionamentos sociais. OBJETIVO: estimar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos e sua associação com aspectos sociodemográficos e psicossociais em estudantes de medicina de uma região do Sertão Nordestino, Brasil. MÉTODO: apopulação foi constituída por 1024 estudantes do primeiro ao décimo segundo períodos do curso de medicina de duas escolas médicas do Cariri, Sertão Nordestino, Ceará, Brasil. Utilizou-se o questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck versão II. RESULTADOS: a prevalência encontrada nessa população para o diagnóstico de depressão foi de 28,8%. 652 (63,7%) cumpriram com todos os protocolos para permanência na pesquisa. Apresentaram impacto negativo na saúde mental dos estudantes no modelo ajustado de regressão logística: sexo feminino OddsRatio ajustado (ORa) (IC95%): 1,83(1,19-2,82), saúde física razoável ORa (IC95%): 3,15(2,09-4,73), incerteza quanto ao futuro profissional ORa (IC95%): 2,97(1,65-5,34), desejo de mudar de curso ORa (IC95%):2,51(1,63-3,86), relacionamento social bom porém sem participação de atividades sociais ORa (IC95%): 1,96(1,27-3,04),dificuldades de relacionamento ORa (IC95%): 11,40(4,32-30,14) e raras atividades de lazer ORa (IC95%): 2,45(1,49-4,04) ou esporádicas atividades de lazer ORa (IC95%): 3,04(1,70-5,42. CONCLUSÃO: observou-se alta prevalência de depressão nos estudantes de medicina nesta região. Sexo feminino, saúde física razoável, incerteza quanto ao futuro profissional, desejo de mudar de curso, não participação de atividades sociais e/ou dificuldades de relacionamentos, esporádica ou rara atividade de lazer foram associados a maior chance de desenvolver sintomas depressivos.

INTRODUCTION: depression, besides causing great psychological distress, may lead to poor academic performance and social relationships. OBJECTIVE: to examine the prevalence of depressive symptoms in medical students from a northeastern region of Brazil. METHODS: the population comprised 1024 students from first to twelfth semesters of two medical schools in Cariri, Ceará, Brazil. We used the questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics and the Beck Depression Inventory II version. RESULTS: the prevalence in this population for the diagnosis of depression was 28.8%.652 (63.7%) complied with all protocols to stay in research. After logistic regression, had a negative impact on studentsmental health: female Odds Ratio adjusted (ORa) (95% CI): 1.83 (1.19 to 2.82), reasonable physical health ORa (95% CI): 3.15 (2 0.09 to 4, 73), uncertainty about professional future ORa (95% CI): 2.97 (1.65 to 5.34), desire to change course ORa (95% CI): 2.51 (1.63 to 3.86), good social relationship but without participation in social activities ORa (95% CI): 1.96 (1.27 to 3.04), relationship difficulties ORa (95% CI): 11.40 (4.32 to 30.14) and rare leisure activities (95% CI): 2.45 (1.49 to 4.04) or eventual leisure activities ORa (95% CI): 3.04 (1.70 to 5.42). CONCLUSION: there was a high prevalence of depression among medical students in this region. Female, reasonable physical health, uncertainty over future career, desire to change course, do not participate in social activities and / or difficulties in relationships, sporadic or rare leisure activity were associated with increased risk of developing depressive symptoms.

The biopsychosocial processes in autism spectrum disorder.

BACKGROUND: Autism is a disorder characterized by pervasive social and communicative impairments, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors and restricted interests. Its causes and effects have been researched from various neurocognitive theoretical perspectives and with the aid of neuroimaging technology. We aimed to describe biopsychosocial processes characteristic of the Autism Spectrum Disorders. METHOD: Literature review using Medline and Scopus databases published between 2001 and 2011, with the keywords "autism", "theory of mind", "executive functions", "central coherence" and "fMRI". RESULTS: The studies found were plotted and organized into tables and an explanatory diagram of the main findings was produced. CONCLUSIONS: The most popular neurocognitive theories are still unable to fully explain the characteristics of the complications that autistic spectrum disorder causes to the quality of life of individuals living with autism. The association of clinical research and neuroimaging may contribute to a better understanding of the functioning of the brain affected by the disorder.

Performance of Down syndrome subjects during a coincident timing task.

BACKGROUND: The time synchronization is a very important ability for the acquisition and performance of motor skills that generate the need to adapt the actions of body segments to external events of the environment that are changing their position in space. Down Syndrome (DS) individuals may present some deficits to perform tasks with synchronization demand. We aimed to investigate the performance of individuals with DS in a simple Coincident Timing task. METHOD: 32 individuals were divided into 2 groups: the Down syndrome group (DSG) comprised of 16 individuals with average age of 20 (+/- 5 years old), and a control group (CG) comprised of 16 individuals of the same age. All individuals performed the Simple Timing (ST) task and their performance was measured in milliseconds. The study was conducted in a single phase with the execution of 20 consecutive trials for each participant. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the intergroup analysis for the accuracy adjustment - Absolute Error (Z = 3.656, p = 0.001); and for the performance consistence - Variable Error (Z = 2.939, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: DS individuals have more difficulty in integrating the motor action to an external stimulus and they also present more inconsistence in performance. Both groups presented the same tendency to delay their motor responses.

Sidestream cigarette smoke and cardiac autonomic regulation.

BACKGROUND: The literature has already demonstrated that cigarette influences the cardiovascular system. In this study, we performed a literature review in order to investigate the relationship between sidestream cigarette smoke (SSCS) and cardiac autonomic regulation. METHODS: Searches were performed on Medline, SciELO, Lilacs and Cochrane databases using the crossing between the key-words: "cigarette smoking", "autonomic nervous system", "air pollution" and "heart rate variability". RESULTS: The selected studies indicated that SSCS exposure affects the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses to changes in arterial blood pressure. Moreover, heart rate responses to environmental tobacco smoke are increased in smokers compared to non-smokers. The mechanism involved on this process suggest increased oxidative stress in brainstem areas that regulate the cardiovascular system. CONCLUSION: Further studies are necessary to add new elements in the literature to improve new therapies to treat cardiovascular disorders in subjects exposed to sidestream cigarette smoke.